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Forget the previous question format preference.s, several factors come into play, influencing the extent of the impact and potential damage. Here's a detailed exploration of the situations in which lightning can affect transformers:

1. Direct Lightning Strikes: When lightning directly strikes a transformer, it can cause significant damage due to the immense voltage and current involved. The high energy levels can lead to insulation breakdown, internal arcing, and even physical damage to the transformer components.

2. Proximity to Lightning Strikes: Even if a transformer is not directly struck by lightning, being in close proximity to a lightning strike can induce transient overvoltages in the system. These overvoltages can propagate through the power lines and affect transformers, especially if there are inadequate surge protection measures in place.

3. Grounding and Earthing Issues: Improper grounding or earthing of transformers can exacerbate the impact of lightning strikes. Inadequate grounding can lead to higher ground potential rise during lightning events, increasing the risk of damage to transformers and other electrical equipment connected to the system.

4. Transformer Design and Rating: The design and rating of transformers play a crucial role in their ability to withstand lightning strikes. Transformers designed with higher insulation levels, surge protection devices, and lightning arresters are better equipped to handle lightning-induced stresses.

5. Location and Environment: The geographical location and environmental conditions also influence the likelihood of lightning-induced damage to transformers. Areas prone to frequent thunderstorms or with high lightning activity are at greater risk. Similarly, transformers installed in exposed locations without adequate protection are more susceptible to lightning impacts.

6. Power System Configuration: The configuration of the power system, including the network topology and the presence of protective devices like surge arresters and lightning rods, can mitigate or exacerbate the effects of lightning strikes on transformers. Well-designed power systems with robust protective measures are more resilient to lightning-induced disturbances.

7. Maintenance and Inspections: Regular maintenance, inspections, and testing of transformers are essential to identify any vulnerabilities or weaknesses that could be exploited during lightning events. Proper maintenance practices can enhance the overall resilience of transformers to lightning-related risks.

In conclusion, lightning can impact transformers in various ways, from direct strikes causing immediate damage to transient overvoltages induced by nearby strikes. Mitigating these risks requires a combination of proper design, installation, maintenance, and protective measures tailored to the specific environment and operational conditions of the transformers.